Saturday 26 July 2014

Life in the Big City: The End of Life, Old Age, Death Rites and the Afterlife

Death stalks the steppes and valleys, the mountains and fields of the world. It always has and it always will; even the dragons are not immune to the grim reaper's scythe.

In Sharoban the traditions of death have grown up from many different sources and cultures. A hodge-podge of customs have been meshed together based on old wives tales, folklore, family ritual and the teachings of the Church. These bear small resemblance to what came east with the Six and their followers or to the cultures that they found and slowly absorbed into the city; though here and there a custom that can be pinned down to a definite point of origin can be seen. For instance the tradition of gathering snowdrops to mourn the dead has its origins in the Jorvin Empire and is reputed to have been brought by them from their island home, whilst the tradition of keeping a small fire burning in the room where one keeps the dead to keep them warm comes from the Salva tribe whose lands lie south of Sharoban. Customs and rituals can vary from quarter to quarter or even from street to street. Despite this, there are a few traditions that carry across the entire city.

The first of these is the death bed. Every home, even the poorest, will have a bed set aside for the sick and dying. In larger homes this is set aside in a private room, whilst in poorer houses it will be a pallet that is taken down and laid before the fire. It is considered most unlucky to die in your marriage bed, to the extent that when that happens the bed will be burned to rid the house of ill fortune. As the deathbed has a specific purpose of sheltering the dying, it does not attract bad luck.

It is believed too that the soul of the dead person cannot move on to until they have been buried, or cremated, or torn apart by animals (as the city has communities that believe all these varieties of funeral to be correct). As a result wills and legacies cannot be discussed before the funeral, to show love and respect to the departed. It is also seen as not only rude but unlucky to speak ill of the dead, and it may result in their ghost haunting the naysayer and refusing to enter the afterlife.

Funerals happen during the day, preferably on days with good weather. Practicality means that a rain storm or strong winds won't delay a funeral unless burial would be dangerous, but most people hope for  sunshine and cool breezes because that is the best weather to ensure their safe journey to the underworld. It's believed that Mycra will guide them safely to the Shadow Fields where they can rest awhile before being reborn.

In Winter the ground is too hard to bury the dead, bodies are stacked in cool cellars and warded; spontaneous outbreaks of 'rising', where the dead walk, are not unknown though they are thankfully uncommon. The other threat to the dead in this season is scavengers both four-footed and two-footed. The Keep makes sure that guards and even Wind Strikers check on the dead, to ensure that nothing untoward happens to them.

Other kinds of funeral go ahead as usual in the winter and the shanty towns find they get extra custom from families who want them to take their dead relatives out to the steppes for the hawks and wolves. The pyres are kept well stocked and burn almost constantly when the winter is hard. Callously, some families 'miraculously' discover that relatives who had wanted to be buried had last minute changes of heart and actually opted to cremation. Whilst this practice is disapproved of there is little that can be done to prevent families doing it and physikers actively support the burning of the dead as it promotes public health.

Before most people reach the stage of being buried, they grow old. The old are respected in the city, mostly because to grow old in Sharoban is to be tough as nails and snake canny. In the extended families, they rule the roost, often deciding what their children and grandchildren will do without dissent. This is particularly true of Grandmothers, who prosper in the city's matriarchal culture. This is mitigated by the fact that there is no retirement, the elderly are expected to keep working unless they become too infirm to. At which point they either enter the care of their families or if their relations cannot care for them, they enter the temple's almshouse or are forced to live on the streets. At which point they die very quickly.

The city does provide some perks for the elderly, however. No public house may charge them for drinks and they may use public fountains with impunity. Many vendors sell food more cheaply to the old as a mark of respect and the gangs, in general, leave them alone.

Next week; superstitions.


Friday 18 July 2014

Life in the Big City: Courtship, Marriage, and Children

Just as in the real world the people in Sharoban fall in love, marry and have children. For many of them this is their overriding concern, whether because of love, business or the desire to achieve some sort of legacy. There are political and dynastic matches, marriages for love and money, and even revenge. Relationships grow cold, stay warm against all odds, and end in disaster. Some even end in murder or divorce. Some never really start, leaving both partners lost in a world that seems to be set against them.

The beginning of a relationship very much depends on who you are. It is likely that parents, guardians and masters will be involved in the process at the very beginning and most matches are set in motion by older people. A pair of rich merchants might arrange for their children to wed in order to consolidate their fortunes or a guild master might introduce a star apprentice to the right person for the specific reason of creating a match. It is in their interest to do so as it encourages loyalty from their proteges and helps them along with their lives; within a large part of the city there is an ethos that leaving people behind is amoral and so it is the duty of people with more luck, wealth and power to help those less fortunate than themselves. Even within the lower classes this practice holds true and it is hardly uncommon for a young man to come home to find his parents waiting for him with some important news about his future; and his bride. Most matches are made about the age of fifteen, and signals the start of a slow courtship that lasts many years.

What follows is usually a series of chaperoned meetings initially at the families' homes, later in public places. Before these public dates occur there is some expectation of commitment on both sides. Commonly this takes the form of gift giving, usually something that can be worn or carried and ideally something made by the lovers for each other. Scarves are popular as are hats and pieces of jewellery and small knives. After this, the match is presumed to be official and on its way to marriage.

Amongst older people who are unmarried (who are often considered to be ne'er-do-wells, on account of their lack of attachments), the road to marriage is less controlled but more chaotic. Men are expected to take the lead here, pitching their suit to women they like. Women do sometimes make the first move, but it's rare enough to be commented on. Again the couple are expected to exchange gifts before their match is considered official; they are also expected to have a short engagement and if more than six months passes between betrothal and marriage the relationship is considered a dead duck.

Weddings take place in the temple, and group weddings are not uncommon if there are a lot of ceremonies that coincide. There is no official colour to get married, for either sex, but everyone will wear their best clothes. Both brides and grooms wear garlands of flowers and silver bracelets to signify the day. They enter the temple together and stand before the priests with their parents close by. From there oaths are exchanged and, in a throwback to an old tradition, bread and salt are given as gifts. Songs are sung and blessings given. Traditionally these are centred on fertility and prosperity rather than happiness. The newlyweds usually move into the bride's home, living with her family until they can afford a home of their own.

Many couples, especially amongst the poor never officially get married. Instead, they simply move into together and go from there. There is no stigma in this though the priests of Merida will offer a blessing if the couple decides they want to legitimise the relationship. Official marriage is not considered seemly in these circumstances and particularly if there are children (though none of the priests can really point to a specific prohibition on this).

Except in specific cases married couples are expected to have children, and quickly. The usual pattern is that the first child will be born within the first two years of the marriage to much celebration. Street parties to welcome a newborn, especially if the child is couples firstborn, aren't uncommon, as the family splash out to celebrate their good fortune. It doesn't matter if the child is male or female, every new life is considered special and celebrated as such.  Children are born in the marriage bed and for the last few months of any pregnancy this is the wife's bed. The husband will find somewhere else to sleep and must wait to be invited back in postpartum. Some unfortunate husbands never return to the marriage bed, much to their chagrin.

Children are named within the first six months of life at a ceremony where they are presented with a cup of wine and a loaf of bread to symbolise their needs. Often they will be given gifts, most of which will be useless to them for the first few years of life, but which they will grow into. These are often connected with a trade or profession.  They will stay with their mother or grandparents for the first seven years of life, when their official education begins. After this, most children only see their families at high days and when their masters or teachers release them. This is a situation which will continue until they are fully grown and ready to begin families of their own.

Next week we consider the end of life, old age, death and funerals.


Saturday 12 July 2014

Life in the city: Food, Fashion and Tradition

This week we look at what it means to live in Sharoban and be a part of its culture. The lenses we're going to use will be food, fashion and, ahem, frolicking; or carousing and courting if you prefer.

Food

Most people in the city eat simply, with a focus on soups and stews, black bread and porridge. They drink thin wine and mead, saving medvuka (a fermented honey drink with spices) for special occasions and the depths of winter. Kvass, a sort of liquid bread, is also drunk and often forms a sizable chunk of the poor's diet. The drink is so ubiquitous however that it is drunk for breakfast by pretty much everybody, and is supplemented by fruit or meat.

The local farms produce cabbages and root vegetables. There are species of stunted grains that managed to ripen despite the harshest wind, ensuring the city has rye and barley. The fine white breads and heavy fruit loaves favoured by the well off rely on imported grain and dried fruits from the west whilst noodles have been appropriated from eastern merchants and turned into a local delicacy. Local orchards grow apples and pears, which are seldom fermented as they are highly valued as fruit. The most common way for them to be consumed is with bread and honey.

In terms of meat, sheep and goat are favoured during the summer and beef during the winter after the herds have been culled. In times of great distress, horse is eaten, but they are generally considered too important to waste on mere food even when famine threatens. Much of the meat finds its way into pelmeni, meat-filled dumplings which are considered quite a delicacy, and on the city's high days haunches are cooked in porridge.

In contrast, when famine strikes many of the city's burghers are forced to subsist on a diet of birch bark pounded into pulp, mixed with husks and straw. An unsavoury meal at the best of time, it seems to slip the minds of all people that this meal is not uncommon in the shanty towns at the best of times as well as the worst, and only the Temple of Merida makes an effort to alleviate the situation by providing thick broths and hard bread for the people there.

Fashion

Clothing in the city is made from wool and linen and tends to be dyed red, green or, of course, blue. Black and purple cloth is very rare indeed and stands a mark of great wealth as does the presence of a great deal of leather, unless it's armour, or even a small amount of silk. Women wear long gowns that tie in various places with complicated knots and buckles, and head scarves. Men wear hose and long coats that end at the knee. Again, they are tied or buckled, owing to a lack of buttons. They wear round hats, which are often lined with fur. Both sexes layer their clothing, wearing plain linen undergarments under their richer outer clothing. One effect of this is that the outer clothing stays relatively clean as it collects the dirt from the street and the linen garments absorb the odours of the wearer.

In winter, cloaks become an obligatory form of clothing to keep out the cold. Made of the heaviest wool they are often lined to make them more waterproof and brightly dyed and patterned. Fur too, is common in this season and the pelts of bear, wolf, lion, beaver, and tiger are seen in Sharoban's streets as part of one piece of clothing or another. The rarest of these furs is the white wolf and as a consequence it is mostly commonly seen around the Keep and the Old City. The white wolf's fur is a sign of nobility and generally the entire skin will be used for a cloak, rather than simply lining a woollen one.

On holidays, everyone wears blue, especially on the annual celebration of the city's founding. Beyond that there is no particularly rhyme or reason to colour choices, though rich people often sport clothes with gold thread embellishments.

In terms of footwear, both men and women wear boots in the main, reserving less sturdy footwear for dances and parties. It is customary to change shoes upon arriving home, so as not to track the street inside. Most people wear either sandals or soft linen shoes about the house and it is considered rude not to wash your feet upon arriving home. Most households keep a jug and ewer of water by the front door. Apart from during the winter children often go barefoot or wear soft moccasins as it is not being seen as worth the money to purchase shoes that will have to be discarded within a season. In winter they wear hand me down boots, stuffed rags and straw. During the rainy season when the ground is often turned to mud, women wear pattens to keep their shoes free of mud and other things.

Turning to armour, the leather that does not end up in boots or horse's tack is boiled and turned into tough leather jerkins. Metal armour is still quite rare for common soldiers and chain armour coats are reserved for the important soldiers. Whilst there are stories of heavier armour, there is little appetite for such innovations in the city's military: Sharoban's fighting force is designed to fast and light; they depend on the ability to travel fast and anything that will slow them down is viewed with suspicion.

Traditions

Outside of the holy days there are many opportunities for the people of Sharoban to meet, socialise and fall in love. Whilst the winter drives people off the streets, spring and summer are the traditional time to meet and if you are lucky, fall in love. Taverns are permitted to stay open a few hours after sundown, creating a drinking culture that relies on drinking strong liqueur very fast. It's very popular with the young, but the Guard is less enthusiastic, just because of the amount of work it can make.

Dances are popular, whether they recall the traditions from before the city was founded, like the Blessing of the Orchards, where the young women dance amongst the trees until the point where the young men chase them, or are part of the burghers' established social calendars. The guilds hold dances for the journeymen and it is here that the strongest influence to arrange matches comes into play, as the guild masters try to find suitable matches for their proteges and to protect guild secrets. Consequently matches within guilds are the most common, with a few between allied guilds taking place every year.

The nobility hold dances too, but these are much more formal and carry different stakes. It is true that for the young the first dances of the season will often be the ones where their partners are selected by their families, and frequently where they find the people they will have quiet affairs with once they are married. But many of these parties have a political dimension that goes beyond affairs of the heart. Treaties and trade deals are discussed, diplomacy is practiced and the steps of the Great Game, which Sharoban tries so hard to stay out of are danced as deftly as the steps of the rondel.

Within military circles, the focus of socialising is usually the Dinner, taking the opportunity to gather about the table and share food and stories with comrades. Amongst the Wind Strikers there are two grand dinners, one at the start of the war season and the other at the end. Both are solemn affairs, where death is acknowledged  tales of heroism exchanged and, to lighten the mood, games are played.

Next week we'll look at romance, marriage, childbirth and child rearing.

Saturday 5 July 2014

Other Gods, Other Celebrations

Whilst there is no doubt that Merida is the Patron Goddess of Sharoban, other gods are worshipped here, to lesser or greater extents. Of the Luminal Pantheon, only one, Dywz, goes unmarked because his domain, the sea, sits several hundred leagues from the city in just about every direction. Veneration of the other gods often breaks down into small, focused groups that dedicate their worship to the deity through work, knowledge or celebration. Some receive small, but constant worship; for example Naia, the Goddess of Health and Clarity, has no major festivals within the city but her priests receive almost daily visits from the elderly, the ill, the lame and the guardians of people afflicted with madness. They maintain a small asylum on the main trade route, a few leagues west of the city, and it is here that their main temple stands, welcoming pilgrims.



Perhaps the most contentious part of Naia's worship is the way it is often conflated with the small rituals dedicated to the water spirit Liandra, who is said to have been instrumental in the city's creation. The spring Liandra guards bubbles up near Naia's temple and the cult is keen to attribute any healing from the waters to the Goddess rather than the undine. Within the city, Liandra has two days of worship; one at high summer and the other in the depths of winter. Both are water related and quite open. In high summer, people pray that there will be no drought, whilst in the winter they pray for the snow to melt and spring to come.

By contrast to both Goddess and undine, Korvin, the Artisan God, has a shrine in every craft hall and shop. The guilds take their worship of him very seriously and, in addition to a monthly offering, the most promising students are given the task of making 'tithe pieces' which will be offered up at a grand ceremony in the guild halls across the city at New Year. This is a great honour and a mark of both trust and respect in both the students' character and skill, which softens the blow of the ritual destruction the pieces undergo as part of the offering. Whilst the city may turn out for the festivities, the rites and practices surrounding the god's worship are kept secret and are often bound up in guild traditions. These are kept secret and safe from prying eyes, often even between rival artisans.

Equally secretive is the cult of Adol. Sequestered in the House of Fools for the most part, but with shrines wherever knowledge is gathered and maintained, the Knowledge God's worshippers are dedicated to keeping their discoveries secret. Another Guardian God, Adol's life was so secretive that nobody knows what he did to be granted his dominion. The tenets of his worship involve stockpiling information and knowledge to use against the Shadow until the most opportune moment to strike. In practice, this seems to have created a situation where his black-robed priests spy out every piece of gossip, tittle-tattle and rumour and lock it away 'just in case.' Whether anything they hide is of any use, only time will tell, but their reputation is as meddlers and spies; not even the city's leaders like to be around them too long. Like Korvin, their rites are secretive and lore hidden. The fear is that this is for reasons quite unlike the Artisan God's and hides something far more sinister.



Mycra's worship takes place out in the open, often literally. The Lady of Light, Beacon Lighter, Spear of the Sun and other accolades; Mycra is the leader of the Luminal Pantheon, a position legend says she assumed in the days of the Eclipse War. Unlike Alchnor she is not a ruler, but a leader; she gives no orders but pushes others to do their best. Within Sharoban's walls her worship is very much related to fire, with beacons burning through the night to keep the Shadow at bay and her holy days being marked by large bonfires. The tradition of fire leaping came to Sharoban from somewhere in the east and has been incorporated into Mycra's customs. Her largest festival is The Triumph, when the days become noticeably longer after the winter solstice. A large part of this festival now comprises the Wind Strikers and others leaping the flames, whilst bellowing challenges to the Shadow.

Lastly, we turn our attention to the Unnamed God, the Jailer of the Shadow. He is not officially worshipped in any guise, but a small group from all walks of life meet in the midnight hours to maintain the Vigil, a small ceremony that involves specific prayers to drive away evil. Much like Mycra's worship, this is the main focus of his ceremonies and it seems a wonder that the larger cult has not absorbed the smaller. However whilst Mycra is focused on keeping the dark away, the Unnamed God is dedicated to stamping it out. Linked with the moon in many places, including, the Unnamed God's worship is always nocturnal. Each phase has a different meaning to his followers and they are at their most vigilant during the new moon, fearing the Shadow gods will take advantage of the near total darkness to escape and bring ruin on the world. In other places, there are stories of the sun disappearing for the entire winter; here the small cult's vigils last the entire season and it is both an honour and a curse to be invited to participate.

Next time we return to life in Sharoban in general, with a discussion of food, clothing and the traditions that fill the city's life.